[MCQ] Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 1

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Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 1

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Question 1

In kidneys, number of different cell types found is about ?

A	10
B	30
C	50
D	80

Question 1 Explanation:

Kidney is one of the highly differentiated organs in body containing nearly 30 different cell types

Question 2

How many glomeruli does each kidney contain in a normal birth-weight adult ?

A	100,000
B	400,000
C	900,000
D	1200,000

Question 2 Explanation:

There are ~900,000 glomeruli in each kidney in normal-birth-weight adults.

Question 3

Contractile actin-myosin fibers are found in which of the following tissues of kidney ?

A	Glomeruli
B	Mesangial cells
C	Renal interstitium
D	All of the above

Question 3 Explanation:

Glomerular capillaries are in the midst of a mesangial matrix and together form the Bowman’s capsule. Mesangial cells contain contractile actin-myosin fibers to maintain structural integrity

Question 4

Which of the following about kidney structure is false ?

A	Majority of nephrons are cortical
B	Majority of glomeruli located in mid-to-outer cortex
C	Cortical nephrons perform most of glomerular filtration
D	None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following about kidney structure is false ?

A	Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle
B	Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle
C	Peritubular capillaries surrounding cortical nephrons are shared among adjacent nephrons
D	None of the above

Question 5 Explanation:

Majority of nephrons are cortical, with glomeruli located in mid-to-outer cortex. Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle. Peritubular capillaries surrounding cortical nephrons are shared among adjacent nephrons. Juxtamedullary nephrons use separate capillaries called vasa recta. Cortical nephrons perform most of the glomerular filtration & their afferent arterioles are larger than their respective efferent arterioles. Juxtamedullary nephrons create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for production of concentrated urine

Question 6

Cortical nephron has how many capillary beds arranged in series ?

A	1
B	2
C	3
D	4

Question 6 Explanation:

Cortical nephron has two capillary beds arranged in series separated by efferent arteriole that regulates hydrostatic pressure in both capillary beds

Question 7

What percentage of renal plasma flow is filtered into Bowman’s space ?

A	~ 20 %
B	~ 45 %
C	~ 60 %
D	~ 80 %

Question 7 Explanation:

~20% of the renal plasma flow is filtered into Bowman’s space

Question 8

Driving force for glomerular filtration at efferent arteriole is ?

A	Zero
B	10
C	20
D	30

Question 8 Explanation:

As the oncotic pressure rises along the length of the glomerular capillary, the driving force for filtration falls to zero before reaching the efferent arteriole.

Question 9

Autoregulation of glomerular filtration is the result of ?

A	Autonomous vasoreactive reflex in afferent arteriole
B	Tubuloglomerular feedback
C	Angiotensin II mediated vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
D	All of the above

Question 9 Explanation:

Autoregulation of glomerular filtration is the result of an autonomous vasoreactive (myogenic) reflex in the afferent arteriole, tubuloglomerular feedback, and angiotensin II mediated vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

Question 10

Which of the following is the first line of defense against fluctuations in renal blood flow in autoregulation of glomerular filtration ?

A	Myogenic reflex in afferent arteriole
B	Tubuloglomerular feedback
C	Angiotensin II mediated vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
D	None of the above

Question 10 Explanation:

Myogenic reflex is a first line of defense against fluctuations in renal blood flow.

Question 11

Tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by ?

A	Juxtaglomerular apparatus
B	Macula densa
C	Granular cells in the wall of afferent arteriole
D	All of the above

Question 12

Macula densa is located in which of the following ?

A	Proximal tubule
B	Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C	Distal tubule
D	Collecting duct

Question 12 Explanation:

Tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by specialized cells in thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle called macula densa that act as sensors of solute concentration & flow of tubular fluid.

Question 13

Which of the following blunts tubuloglomerular feedback ?

A	Angiotensin II
B	Reactive oxygen species
C	Nitric oxide
D	Adenosine

Question 13 Explanation:

Angiotensin II & reactive oxygen species enhance, while nitric oxide blunts tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 14

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is located in which of the following ?

A	Afferent arteriole
B	Efferent arteriole
C	Distal tubule
D	Collecting duct

Question 14 Explanation:

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is located within the wall of afferent arteriole near macula densa and its granular cells release renin

Question 15

Renin catalyzes the conversion of ?

A	Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B	Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
C	Angiotensin II to angiotensin III
D	All of the above

Question 15 Explanation:

Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 16

Angiotensin-converting enzyme catalyzes conversion of ?

A	Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B	Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
C	Angiotensin II to angiotensin III
D	All of the above

Question 16 Explanation:

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 17

Leaky epithelia is present in ?

A	Proximal convoluted tubule
B	Distal convoluted tubule
C	Collecting duct
D	All of the above

Question 17 Explanation:

Proximal tubule contains leaky epithelia, whereas distal nephron segments, such as distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct contain tight epithelia with little water permeability

Question 18

Facilitated diffusion occurs through which of the following ?

A	Pumps
B	Channels
C	Transporters
D	Co-transporters

Question 18 Explanation:

Movement of solutes & water across cell membranes is made possible by pumps (active transport), channels (passive transport), transporters (facilitated diffusion), and co-transporters (secondary active transport)

Question 19

Ion-translocating ATPases include ?

A	Na+/K+-ATPase
B	H+-ATPase
C	Ca2+-ATPase
D	All of the above

Question 19 Explanation:

Ion-translocating ATPases that mediate active transport (“pumps”) are the ubiquitous Na+/K+- ATPase, the H+-ATPases, and Ca2+-ATPases

Question 20

Which of the following solute moves by simple diffusion or passive transport ?

A	K+
B	Na+
C	Cl–
D	All of the above

Question 20 Explanation:

In kidney, movement by simple diffusion or passive transport occurs of water, K+, Na+, and Cl–.

Question 21

Carriers or uniporters are related to ?

A	Active transport
B	Passive transport
C	Facilitated diffusion
D	Facilitated diffusion

Question 22

Symporters or co-transporters, antiporters or exchangers are related to ?

A	Active transport
B	Passive transport
C	Facilitated diffusion
D	Secondary active transport

Question 22 Explanation:

Facilitated diffusion is a specialized type of passive transport mediated by simple transporters called carriers or uniporters. Many transporters operate by translocating two or more ions/solutes either in the same direction (symporters or co-transporters) or in opposite directions (antiporters or exchangers) across the cell membrane

Question 23

Which of the following statements is false ?

A	Aquaporin-1 present on apical & basolateral membranes
B	Na+/K+-ATPase pump is on basolateral membranes
C	Filtered bicarbonate is converted to carbonic acid in lumen
D	Filtered bicarbonate is converted to carbonic acid in lumen

Question 23 Explanation:

Carbonic acid is metabolized by brush border carbonic anhydrase to water and carbon dioxide. Dissolved carbon dioxide diffuses into the cell, where by cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase reforms carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate anions. Bicarbonate exits the cell through a basolateral Na+/HCO3– co-transporter.

Question 24

Which of the following drugs is not filtered at the glomerulus ?

A	Penicillins
B	Cephalosporins
C	Salicylates
D	All of the above

Question 24 Explanation:

Penicillins, cephalosporins, and salicylates are not filtered at the glomerulus and are secreted by proximal tubule by specific transporters.

Question 25

Which of the following is not a major segment of loop of Henle ?

A	Descending thin limb
B	Descending thick limb
C	Ascending thin limb
D	Ascending thick limb

Question 25 Explanation:

Loop of Henle consists of 3 major segments - descending & ascending thin limb & ascending thick limb

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See all quizzes of Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney at here:

Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 1 | Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 2

1.In kidneys, number of different cell types found is about ?
A. 10
B. 30
C. 50
D. 80

2. How many glomeruli does each kidney contain in a normal birth-weight adult ?
A. 100,000

B. 400,000
C. 900,000
D. 1200,000

3. Contractile actin-myosin fibers are found in which of the following tissues of kidney ?
A. Glomeruli
B. Mesangial cells
C. Renal interstitium
D. All of the above

4. Which of the following about kidney structure is false ?
A. Majority of nephrons are cortical
B. Majority of glomeruli located in mid-to-outer cortex
C. Cortical nephrons perform most of glomerular filtration
D. None of the above
5. Which of the following about kidney structure is false ?
A. Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle
C. Peritubular capillaries surrounding cortical nephrons are
shared among adjacent nephrons
D. None of the above

6. Cortical nephron has how many capillary beds arranged in series ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

7. What percentage of renal plasma flow is filtered into Bowman’s space ?
A. ~ 20 %
B. ~ 45 %
C. ~ 60 %
D. ~ 80 %

8. Driving force for glomerular filtration at efferent arteriole is ?

A. Zero
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30

10. Autoregulation of glomerular filtration is the result of ?
A. Autonomous vasoreactive reflex in afferent arteriole
B. Tubuloglomerular feedback
C. Angiotensin II mediated vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
D. All of the above

11. Which of the following is the first line of defense against fluctuations in renal blood flow in autoregulation of glomerular filtration ?
A. Myogenic reflex in afferent arteriole
B. Tubuloglomerular feedback
C. Angiotensin II mediated vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
D. None of the above

12. Tubuloglomerular feedback is mediated by ?
A. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
B. Macula densa
C. Granular cells in the wall of afferent arteriole
D. All of the above
13. Macula densa is located in which of the following ?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
C. Distal tubule
D. Collecting duct

14. Which of the following blunts tubuloglomerular feedback ?
A. Angiotensin II
B. Reactive oxygen species
C. Nitric oxide
D. Adenosine

15. Juxtaglomerular apparatus is located in which of the following ?
A. Afferent arteriole

B. Efferent arteriole
C. Distal tubule
D. Collecting duct

16. Renin catalyzes the conversion of ?
A. Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
C. Angiotensin II to angiotensin III
D. All of the above

17. Angiotensin-converting enzyme catalyzes conversion of ?
A. Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. Angiotensin I to angiotensin II
C. Angiotensin II to angiotensin III
D. All of the above

18. Leaky epithelia is present in ?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Collecting duct
D. All of the above

19. Facilitated diffusion occurs through which of the following ?
A. Pumps
B. Channels
C. Transporters
D. Co-transporters

20. Ion-translocating ATPases include ?
A. Na+/K+-ATPase
B. H+-ATPase
C. Ca2+-ATPase
D. All of the above

21. Which of the following solute moves by simple diffusion or passive transport ?
A. K+
B. Na+

C. Cl–
D. All of the above

22. Carriers or uniporters are related to ?
A. Active transport
B. Passive transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Secondary active transport
23. Symporters or co-transporters, antiporters or exchangers are related to ?
A. Active transport
B. Passive transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Secondary active transport

24. Which of the following statements is false ?
A. Aquaporin-1 present on apical & basolateral membranes
B. Na+/K+-ATPase pump is on basolateral membranes
C. Filtered bicarbonate is converted to carbonic acid in lumen
D. Carbonic acid diffuses into the cell

25. Which of the following drugs is not filtered at the glomerulus ?
A. Penicillins
B. Cephalosporins
C. Salicylates
D. All of the above

26. Which of the following is not a major segment of loop of Henle ?
A. Descending thin limb
B. Descending thick limb
C. Ascending thin limb
D. Ascending thick limb

Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney

[MCQ] Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 1

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Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney- Part 1

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