Select the one best response to each question!
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers do ALL of the following EXCEPT
Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers dilate but do not constrict the pupil of the eye
Which of the following is NOT true?
The number of cervical vertebrae is constant at seven
Which of the following statements about kyphosis is true?
Kyphosis (humpback or hunchback) may result from developmental anomalies as well as from osteoporosis. It is characterized by an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature with the vertebrae curving posteriorly, resulting in an increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax. Women may develop a temporary lordosis—not kyphosis—during pregnancy
Lordosis is characterized by which of the following?
Lordosis is characterized by an abnormal rotation of the pelvis
Scoliosis may be caused by which of the following?
Scoliosis may be caused by asymmetrical weakness of intrinsic back muscles (myopathic scoliosis), difference in length of the lower limbs, failure of one half of a vertebra to develop, or occasionally habitual standing or sitting in an improper position (habit scoliosis)
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Which of the following is NOT true in respect to caudal epidural anesthesia?
The height to which the anesthetic travels is primarily limited by the amount injected and by the position of the patient
Which of the following is NOT a vertebral problem?
Part or all of L5 may fuse with the sacrum (hemisacralization or sacralization). In addition, S1 may separate from the sacrum and fuse with L5. Lumbar stenosis occurs when an intervertebral disc bulges and narrows the vertebral canal in the lumbar region, compressing the spinal nerve roots. T12 is not known to fuse with L1
Which of the following statements is true?
Paralysis of the limbs and problems with bladder/bowel control may be present in severe cases of meningomyelocele, which is associated with spina bifida cystica, a condition in which one or more vertebral arches do not develop. In spina bifida occulta, the laminae of L5 and possibly S1 do not fuse properly. Some cases of spina bifida result from an improper closure of the neural tube during the 4th week of embryonic development
Which of the following are derivatives of the epimere?
Myoblasts of the epimeres form the extensor muscles of the vertebral column
Shortly after week four of development, dorsal primary rami begin to innervate which of the following?
Dorsal primary rami innervate dorsal axial musculature, vertebral joints, and the skin of the back
Share your Results:
| Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers do ALL of the following EXCEPT (A) constrict the pupil of the eye (B) stimulate contraction of blood vessels (C) stimulate contraction of erector pili muscles (D) cause sudomotion (E) cause goose bumps |
| Which of the following is NOT true? (A) Variations in vertebrae are affected by race, sex, genetic factors, and environmental factors. (B) An increased number of vertebrae occurs more often in males, and a reduced number occurs more often in females. (C) The number of cervical vertebrae can be 6, 7, or 8. (D) Some people have more than five lumbar vertebrae and therefore fewer thoracic vertebrae. (E) The sacrum is typically composed of five fused vertebrae. |
| Which of the following statements about kyphosis is true? (A) Kyphosis may result from developmental anomalies as well as from osteoporosis. (B) The vertebral column curves anteriorly. (C) Kyphosis results in an increase in the lateral diameter of the thorax. (D) Women may develop a temporary kyphosis during pregnancy. (E) It is also known as “swayback” or “hollow back.” |
| Lordosis is characterized by which of the following? (A) an abnormal increase in thoracic curvature (B) an anterior rotation of the pelvis (C) an abnormal lateral curvature (D) rotation of the vertebrae (E) lateral curvature of the spine |
| Scoliosis may be caused by which of the following? (A) asymmetrical weakness of intrinsic back muscles (B) difference in length of the upper limbs (C) dehydrated intervertebral discs (D) ipsilateral weakness in gluteal muscles (E) sciatic nerve lesion |
| Which of the following is NOT true in respect to caudal epidural anesthesia? (A) A local anesthetic is injected into the sacral hiatus or the posterior sacral foramina. (B) The anesthetic acts on S2-4 and the coccygeal nerves. (C) The height to which the anesthetic travels is primarily limited by the amount of fat in the epidural space. (D) Sensation is lost inferior to the epidural block. (E) The sacral hiatus is located between the sacral cornua and inferior to the 4th sacral spinous process or median sacral crest. |
| Which of the following is NOT a vertebral problem? (A) sacralization of L5 (B) lumbarization of S1 (C) lumbarization of T12 (D) lumbar spinal stenosis (E) hemisacralization of L5 |
| Which of the following statements is true? (A) In spina bifida cystica, the laminae of L5 and possibly S1 do not fuse properly. (B) In spina bifida occulta, one or more vertebral arches do not develop, allowing meninges and even the spinal cord to herniate. (C) Paralysis of the limbs and problems with bladder/bowel control may be associated with meningomyelocele. (D) Some cases of spina bifida result from an improper closure of the neural tube during the 8th week of embryonic development. (E) A meningocele is a spina bifida associated with brain herniation. |
| Which of the following are derivatives of the epimere? (A) erector spinae muscles (B) prevertebral muscles (C) quadratus lumborum (D) striated muscles of the anus (E) sternalis |
| Shortly after week four of development, dorsal primary rami begin to innervate which of the following? (A) ventral axial skeletal musculature (B) vertebral joints (C) skin of the upper limb (D) sweat glands of the lateral back region (E) erector pili muscles |
