[MCQ] Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

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Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

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Question 1

The number of major hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland is ?

A	4
B	5
C	6
D	7

Question 1 Explanation:

Six major hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland are Prolactin (PRL), Growth hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)& Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Question 2

The term hormone, derived from a Greek phrase meaning ?

A	“To synchronise”
B	“To set in motion”
C	“To rewind”
D	“To speak”

Question 2 Explanation:

Starling differentiated between endocrine & exocrine secretions. Word “Hormone” is derived from a Greek phrase meaning “to set in motion”.

Question 3

Which of the following is not an amino acid derivative ?

A	Dopamine
B	Catecholamines
C	Somatostatin
D	Thyroid hormone

Question 4

Which of the following is not a ‘small neuropeptide’ class of hormone?

A	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B	Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C	Somatostatin
D	Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 5

Which of the following hormone is “lipid-soluble” ?

A	Steroids
B	Thyroid hormones
C	Vitamin D
D	All of the above

Question 6

The glycoprotein hormone family consists of ?

A	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B	Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & LH
C	Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
D	All of the above

Question 6 Explanation:

Hormones are divided into 5 major classes - amino acid derivatives (dopamine, catecholamines & thyroid hormone), small neuropeptides (GnRH, TRH, somatostatin & vasopressin), large proteins (insulin, LH & PTH), steroid hormones (cortisol & estrogen) & vitamin derivatives (vitamin A & D). Amino acid derived & peptide hormones interact with cell-surface membrane receptors. Steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamin D & retinoids are lipid-soluble & interact with intracellular nuclear receptors. Glycoprotei

Question 7

Which of the following is not type 1 of nuclear receptor family ?

A	GR
B	MR
C	AR
D	TR

Question 8

Which of the following is not type 2 of nuclear receptor family ?

A	PR
B	PPAR
C	RAR
D	VDR

Question 8 Explanation:

According to their specificities for DNA binding sites, nuclear receptor family is classified into type 1 receptors (GR, MR, AR, ER, PR) that bind steroids & type 2 receptors (TR, VDR, RAR, PPAR) that bind thyroid hormone, vitamin D, retinoic acid.

Question 9

Which of the following about hormone receptors is false ?

A	ACTH receptors are located exclusively in adrenal cortex
B	FSH receptors are found only in gonads
C	Insulin receptors are widely distributed
D	Thyroid hormone receptors are found only in thyroid gland

Question 9 Explanation:

Hormone receptors are either membrane or nuclear. Membrane receptors bind peptide hormones & catecholamines. Nuclear receptors bind small molecules that can diffuse across cell membrane like thyroid hormone, steroids & vitamin D. ACTH receptors are located almost exclusively in adrenal cortex, & FSH receptors are found only in gonads. Insulin & thyroid hormone receptors are widely distributed.

Question 10

Hormones that are stored in secretory granules before release are all except ?

A	GnRH
B	Insulin
C	Steroid hormones
D	GH

Question 10 Explanation:

Peptide hormones (GnRH, insulin, GH) are stored in secretory granules before a releasing factor or a neural signal stimulates their release. Steroid hormones diffuse into circulation as they are synthesized.

Question 11

“StAR” refers to ?

A	Steroidogenic active regulatory protein
B	Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
C	Steroidogenic action regulatory protein
D	Steroidogenic augmenting regulatory protein

Question 11 Explanation:

StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) transports cholesterol into mitochondrion upon stimulation by ACTH and LH in the steroidogenic pathway.

Question 12

T4 & T3 bind to ?

A	Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
B	Albumin
C	Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)
D	All of the above

Question 12 Explanation:

T4 & T3 bind to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), albumin & thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA).

Question 13

Which of the following is a membrane receptor for hormones ?

A	GPCR
B	Tyrosine kinase receptors
C	Serine kinase receptors
D	All of the above

Question 13 Explanation:

Membrane receptors for hormones are 7 transmembrane GPCRs, tyrosine kinase receptors, cytokine receptors & serine kinase receptors. Membrane receptors bind peptide hormones & catecholamines

Question 14

G proteins are so named because ?

A	By alphabetical order
B	Growth phase of cell division
C	They bind guanine nucleotides (GTP, GDP)
D	None of the above

Question 14 Explanation:

G proteins are a large family that form a heterotrimeric complex composed of various  and subunits. The  subunit contains the guanine nucleotide - binding site & hydrolyzes GTP to GDP. The subunits modulate the activity of the  subunit besides mediating their own effector signaling pathways.

Question 15

Which of the following mediates signal transduction through adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C ?

A	GTP
B	GDP
C	Gα
D	Gβγ

Question 15 Explanation:

Hormone binding to the receptor induces GDP dissociation, allowing G to bind GTP & dissociate from the complex. Then, the G subunit is activated and mediates signal transduction through adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C. GTP hydrolysis to GDP allows reassociation with the  subunits and restores the inactive state.

Question 16

Which of the following is an isoforms of G subunit ?

A	Gs
B	Giα
C	Gqα
D	All of the above

Question 16 Explanation:

There are more than a dozen isoforms of G subunit. Gs stimulates, whereas Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase that generates second messenger cyclic AMP leading to activation of protein kinase A. Gq subunits couple to phospholipase C generating diacylglycerol & inositol triphosphate leading to activation of protein kinase C & release of intracellular calcium

Question 17

Insulin acts via which of the following membrane receptor for hormones ?

A	GPCR
B	Tyrosine kinase receptors
C	Serine kinase receptors
D	Cytokine receptors

Question 17 Explanation:

Tyrosine kinase receptors transduce signals for insulin & growth factors like IGF-I, epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor & fibroblast growth factor. Tyrosine kinase receptors play a prominent role in cell growth, differentiation & in intermediary metabolism.

Question 18

Growth hormone (GH) acts via which of the following membrane receptor for hormones ?

A	GPCR
B	Tyrosine kinase receptors
C	Serine kinase receptors
D	Cytokine receptor-linked kinase

Question 18 Explanation:

GH & PRL receptors belong to the cytokine receptor family

Question 19

The seven transmembrane GPCR family binds all of the following except ?

A	LH
B	TRH
C	Calcium
D	Activin

Question 19 Explanation:

The seven transmembrane GPCR family binds large proteins (LH, PTH), small peptides (TRH, somatostatin), catecholamines (epinephrine, dopamine), and minerals (calcium).

Question 20

Intracellular Janus kinases (JAKs) is related to which of the following receptors ?

A	GPCR
B	Tyrosine kinase receptors
C	Serine kinase receptors
D	Cytokine receptors

Question 20 Explanation:

Janus kinases (JAKs) phosphorylate members of signal transduction & activators of transcription (STAT) family and other signaling pathways (Ras, PI3-K, MAPK). Activated STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus & stimulate expression of target genes.

Question 21

Serine kinase receptors mediate the action of ?

A	Activins
B	Transforming growth factor
C	Müllerian-inhibiting substance
D	All of the above

Question 22

Smads is related to which of the following membrane receptor for hormones ?

A	GPCR
B	Tyrosine kinase receptors
C	Serine kinase receptors
D	Cytokine receptors

Question 22 Explanation:

Serine kinase receptors (type I & II subunits) signal through proteins called smads (fusion of Caenorhabditis elegans sma + mammalian mad).

Question 23

Physiologic function of hormones is ?

A	Growth & differentiation
B	Maintenance of homeostasis
C	Reproduction
D	All of the above

Question 23 Explanation:

Physiologic functions of hormones are growth & differentiation, maintenance of homeostasis & reproduction.

Question 24

Short stature may be due to ?

A	GH deficiency
B	Hypothyroidism
C	Cushing’s syndrome
D	All of the above

Question 24 Explanation:

GH deficiency, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, precocious puberty, malnutrition, chronic illness or genetic abnormalities affecting epiphyseal growth plates (FGFR3 or SHOX mutations) cause short stature.

Question 25

Which of the following does not stimulate growth ?

A	GH
B	IGF-I
C	Thyroid hormone
D	Sex steroids

Question 25 Explanation:

GH, IGF-I & TH stimulate growth, whereas sex steroids lead to epiphyseal closure.

Question 26

Feedback regulation for which of the following does not involve pituitary gland ?

A	Leptin
B	IGF-I
C	Thyroid hormones
D	Cortisol

Question 27

Which of the following is not a negative hormonal feedback regulatory system ?

A	Thyroid hormones on TRH-TSH axis
B	Estrogen-mediated stimulation of mid-cycle LH surge
C	Cortisol on CRH-ACTH axis
D	Gonadal steroids on GnRH-LH/FSH axis

Question 27 Explanation:

Following are the negative feedback regulatory systems - thyroid hormones on TRH-TSH axis, cortisol on CRH-ACTH axis, gonadal steroids on GnRH-LH/FSH axis and IGF-I on GHRH-GH axis, calcium feedback on PTH, glucose inhibition of insulin secretion, and leptin feedback on hypothalamus. Positive feedback control is estrogen-mediated stimulation of mid-cycle LH surge.

Question 28

Which of the following is false ?

A	Paracrine regulation means factors released by one cell that act on an adjacent cell in the same tissue
B	Autocrine regulation means action of a factor on the same cell from which it is produced
C	Levels of paracrine & autocrine control factors cannot be readily measured
D	None of the above

Question 29

IGF-I acts ?

A	Chondrocytes
B	Breast epithelium
C	Gonadal cells
D	All of the above

Question 29 Explanation:

IGF-I acts on many cells that produce it like chondrocytes, breast epithelium & gonadal cells (autocrine regulation).

Question 30

IGF-I acts ?

A	Chondrocytes
B	Breast epithelium
C	Gonadal cells
D	All of the above

Question 30 Explanation:

IGF-I acts on many cells that produce it like chondrocytes, breast epithelium & gonadal cells (autocrine regulation).

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See all quizzes of Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus at here:

1 The term hormone, derived from a Greek phrase meaning ?
A. “To synchronise”
B. “To set in motion”
C. “To rewind”
D. “To speak”

2 Which of the following is not an amino acid derivative ?
A. Dopamine
B. Catecholamines
C. Somatostatin
D. Thyroid hormone
3 Which of the following is not a ‘small neuropeptide’ class of
hormone?
A. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
B. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C. Somatostatin
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
4 Which of the following is not a ‘large protein’ class of hormone?
A. Vasopressin
B. Insulin
C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. PTH
5 Which of the following hormone is “lipid-soluble” ?
A. Steroids
B. Thyroid hormones
C. Vitamin D
D. All of the above
6 The glycoprotein hormone family consists of ?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & LH
C. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
D. All of the above

7 Which of the following is not type 1 of nuclear receptor family ?
A. GR

B. MR
C. AR
D. TR
8 Which of the following is not type 2 of nuclear receptor family ?
A. PR
B. PPAR
C. RAR
D. VDR

9 Which of the following about hormone receptors is false ?
A. ACTH receptors are located exclusively in adrenal cortex
B. FSH receptors are found only in gonads
C. Insulin receptors are widely distributed
D. Thyroid hormone receptors are found only in thyroid gland

10 Hormones that are stored in secretory granules before release are
all except ?
A. GnRH
B. Insulin
C. Steroid hormones
D. GH

11 “StAR” refers to ?
A. Steroidogenic active regulatory protein
B. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
C. Steroidogenic action regulatory protein
D. Steroidogenic augmenting regulatory protein

12 T4 & T3 bind to ?
A. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
B. Albumin
C. Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)
D. All of the above

13 Which of the following is a membrane receptor for hormones ?
A. GPCR
B. Tyrosine kinase receptors

C. Serine kinase receptors
D. All of the above
.
14 G proteins are so named because ?
A. By alphabetical order
B. Growth phase of cell division
C. They bind guanine nucleotides (GTP, GDP)
D. None of the above

15 Which of the following mediates signal transduction through
adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C ?
A. GTP
B. GDP
C. G
D. G

16 Which of the following is an isoforms of G subunit ?
A. Gs
B. Gi
C. Gq
D. All of the above

17 Insulin acts via which of the following membrane receptor for
hormones ?
A. GPCR
B. Tyrosine kinase receptors
C. Serine kinase receptors
D. Cytokine receptors

18 Growth hormone (GH) acts via which of the following membrane
receptor for hormones ?
A. GPCR
B. Tyrosine kinase receptors
C. Serine kinase receptors
D. Cytokine receptor-linked kinase

19 The seven transmembrane GPCR family binds all of the following
except ?
A. LH
B. TRH
C. Calcium
D. Activin

20 Intracellular Janus kinases (JAKs) is related to which of the
following receptors ?
A. GPCR
B. Tyrosine kinase receptors
C. Serine kinase receptors
D. Cytokine receptors

21 Serine kinase receptors mediate the action of ?
A. Activins
B. Transforming growth factor
C. Müllerian-inhibiting substance
D. All of the above

22 Smads is related to which of the following membrane receptor
for hormones ?
A. GPCR
B. Tyrosine kinase receptors
C. Serine kinase receptors
D. Cytokine receptors

23 Physiologic function of hormones is ?
A. Growth & differentiation
B. Maintenance of homeostasis
C. Reproduction
D. All of the above

24 Short stature may be due to ?
A. GH deficiency
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. All of the above

25 Which of the following does not stimulate growth ?1
A. GH
B. IGF-I
C. Thyroid hormone
D. Sex steroids

26 Feedback regulation for which of the following does not involve
pituitary gland ?
A. Leptin
B. IGF-I
C. Thyroid hormones
D. Cortisol
27 Which of the following is not a negative hormonal feedback
regulatory system ?
A. Thyroid hormones on TRH-TSH axis
B. Estrogen-mediated stimulation of mid-cycle LH surge
C. Cortisol on CRH-ACTH axis
D. Gonadal steroids on GnRH-LH/FSH axis

28 Which of the following is false ?
A. Paracrine regulation means factors released by one cell that
act on an adjacent cell in the same tissue
B. Autocrine regulation means action of a factor on the same cell
from which it is produced
C. Levels of paracrine & autocrine control factors cannot be
readily measured
D. None of the above
29 IGF-I acts ?
A. Chondrocytes
B. Breast epithelium
C. Gonadal cells
D. All of the above

Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

[MCQ] Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

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Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus

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