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Hypoxia and Cyanosis
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1.Pasteur’s effect relates to ?
A. Switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism
B. Abnormal hemoglobin derivative
C. Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae
D. Flow rate in vessels
2. Which of the following gene is upregulated in adaptation to hypoxia ?
A. Phosphoglycerate kinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Glucose transporters Glut-1 and Glut-2
D. All of the above
3. During hypoxia systemic arterioles dilate by opening of ?
A. Na ATP channels in vascular smooth-muscle cells
B. K ATP channels in vascular smooth-muscle cells
C. Cl ATP channels in vascular smooth-muscle cells
D. All of the above
4. During hypoxia, pulmonary vascular smooth-muscle cells contract due to inhibition of ?
A. Na+ channels
B. K+ channels
C. Cl– channels
D. All of the above
5. Acute hypoxia causes a clinical picture resembling ?
A. Partial seizure
B. Peripheral neuropathy
C. Acute alcoholism
D. Migraine
.
6. In severe hypoxia, death usually results from ?
A. Respiratory failure
B. Cardiac arrhythmia
C. Seizure
D. Autonomic failure
7. When hypoxia occurs consequent to respiratory failure, hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve is displaced to ?
A. Right
B. Left
C. Center
D. Any of the above
8. Most common cause of respiratory hypoxia is ?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
C. Intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting
D. None of the above
9. Cyanosis occurs upon ascent to an altitude of ?
A. 2000 meters
B. 3000 meters
C. 4000 meters
D. 5000 meters
10. In which of the following conditions, PaO2 cannot be restored to normal with inspiration of 100% O2 ?
A. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
B. Transposition of great arteries (TGA)
C. Eisenmenger’s syndrome
D. All of the above
11. In anemic hypoxia, the PaO2 is ?
A. Normal
B. Decreased
C. Increased
D. Any of the above
12. In which of the following hypoxia’s, venous blood tends to have a high O2 ?
A. Excercise induced
B. Circulatory hypoxia
C. Cyanide poisoning
D. Carbon monoxide intoxication
13. Example of “Histotoxic hypoxia” is ?
A. Severe exercise
B. Cyanide poisoning
C. Raynaud’s phenomenon
D. High altitude hypoxia
14. Cyanosis is apparent when the mean capillary concentration of reduced hemoglobin exceeds ?
A. 2 gram / dL
B. 3 gram / dL
C. 4 gram / dL
D. 5 gram / dL
15. Cyanosis can be observed in all except ?
A. Marked polycythemia
B. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
C. Methemoglobin
D. Sulfhemoglobin
16. Most common congenital cardiac lesion associated with cyanosis in adult is ?
A. Tetralogy of Fallot
B. Patent ductus arteriosus
C. Ventricular septal defect
D. Atrial septal defect
17. In anemic hypoxia, the PaO2 is ?
A. Normal
B. Decreased
C. Increased
D. Any of the above
18. In which of the following hypoxia’s, venous blood tends to have a high O2 ?
A. Excercise induced
B. Circulatory hypoxia
C. Cyanide poisoning
D. Carbon monoxide intoxication
19. Example of “Histotoxic hypoxia” is ?
A. Severe exercise
B. Cyanide poisoning
C. Raynaud’s phenomenon
D. High altitude hypoxia
20. Cyanosis is apparent when the mean capillary concentration of reduced hemoglobin exceeds ?
Harrison’s 18th Ed. 288
A. 2 gram / dL
B. 3 gram / dL
C. 4 gram / dL
D. 5 gram / dL
.
21. Cyanosis can be observed in all except ?
A. Marked polycythemia
B. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
C. Methemoglobin
D. Sulfhemoglobin
22. Most common congenital cardiac lesion associated with cyanosis in adult is ?
A. Tetralogy of Fallot
B. Patent ductus arteriosus
C. Ventricular septal defect
D. Atrial septal defect
23. Differential cyanosis is a feature of ?
A. Tetralogy of Fallot
B. Patent ductus arteriosus
C. Ventricular septal defect
D. Atrial septal defect
24. Which of the following is suspected when blood remains brown after mixing in test tube & exposed to air ?
A. Marked polycythemia
B. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
C. Methemoglobin
D. Sulfhemoglobin Diagnosis of methemoglobinemia is suspected if blood remains brown after mixing in a test
tube & exposure to air. Spectroscopy confirms the diagnosis.
25. Which of the following is false in Eisenmenger syndrome ?
A. Cyanosis
B. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance
C. Intracardiac communication
D. Pulmonic stenosis
26. In peripheral cyanosis of extremities, the arterial blood is ?
A. Normally saturated with oxygen
B. Over saturated with oxygen
C. Under saturated with oxygen
D. Any of the above
27. Clubbing without cyanosis is frequent in ?
A. Infective endocarditis
B. Inflammatory bowel disease
C. Jackhammer operators
D. All of the above
