[MCQ] Hypokalemia

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1. Normal plasma potassium concentration inside cells is about ?
A. 50 mmol/L
B. 100 mmol/L
C. 150 mmol/L
D. 200 mmol/L

2. Normally, ratio of ICF to ECF K+ concentration is ?
A. 28:1
B. 38:1
C. 48:1
D. 58:1

3. The basolateral Na-K ATPase pump actively transports potassium in & sodium out of the cell in a ratio of ?
A. 1 : 2
B. 2 : 3
C. 3 : 4
D. 4 : 5

4. K+ intake in an average western diet is ?
A. 10 – 40 mmol/day
B. 40 – 120 mmol/day
C. 120 – 350 mmol/day
D. 350 – 550 mmol/day

5. Potassium delivery to distal nephron approximates ?
A. Dietary excess
B. Dietary intake
C. Dietary deficiency
D. Daily requirement

6.  All regulation of renal potassium excretion & total body potassium balance occurs in ?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Loop of Henle
C. Distal nephron
D. All of the above

7.  Aldosterone is secreted by zona glomerulosa cells of adrenal cortex in response to ?
A. High renin
B. High angiotensin II
C. Hyperkalemia
D. All of the above

8.  Hypokalemia is defined as a plasma potassium concentration of ?
A. < 3.5 mmol/L
B. < 3.6 mmol/L
C. < 3.7 mmol/L
D. < 3.8 mmol/L

9.  Which of the following is a cause of decreased potassium intake ?
A. Ingestion of excess carbohydrates
B. Ingestion of excess proteins
C. Ingestion of excess fats
D. Ingestion of clay (geophagia)

10.  Hypokalemia is associated frequently with ?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis

11. Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Metabolic alkalosis
B. Treatment of DKA with insulin
C. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia
D. All of the above
12 Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Patients of pernicious anemia treated with vitamin B12
B. Patients of neutropenia treated with GM-CSF
C. Massive transfusion with thawed washed RBCs
D. All of the above

13 Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Excessive sweating
B. Hyperaldosteronism
C. Laxative abuse
D. All of the above
14 Which of the following is the least likely cause of hypokalemia ?
A. Excessive sweating
B. Loss of gastric secretions

C. Laxative abuse
D. None of the above

15 Hypokalemia due to loss of gastric contents is due to ?
A. Volume depletion
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. A+B
D. Neither A, nor B

16 Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to dysregulated aldosterone secretion by ?
A. Adrenal adenoma
B. Adrenal carcinoma
C. Adrenocortical hyperplasia
D. All of the above

17 Tumor that produce renin include ?
A. Renal cell carcinoma
B. Ovarian carcinoma
C. Wilms’ tumor
D. All of the above

18 ‘Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess’ is due to deficiency of ?
A. 11-HSDH
B. 11-HSDH
C. 12-HSDH
D. 12-HSDH

19 Conditions that inhibit the activity of ‘11-HSDH’ include ?
A. Glycyrrhetinic acid in licorice
B. Chewing tobacco
C. Carbenoxolone
D. All of the above

20 Which of the following is false about ‘Liddle’s syndrome’ ?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Hypertension
C. Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

D. Excess renin and aldosterone secretion

21 Bartter’s syndrome is characterized by ?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism
D. All of the above

22 Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is seen only in chronic renal failure ?
A. Anemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia
D. Radiographic evidence of renal osteodystrophy
23 Which of the following is false regarding ECG changes of hypokalemia ?
A. Delayed ventricular repolarization
B. Do not correlate well with plasma K+ levels
C. Prominent U wave
D. Shortened QU interval

24 Which of the following ECG changes denote severe K+ depletion ?
A. Prominent U wave
B. Inversion of T wave
C. Prolonged PR interval
D. Prolonged QU interval

25 Hypokalemia with minimal renal potassium excretion suggests that potassium loss is through ?
A. Skin
B. Gastrointestinal tract
C. Diuretic use
D. Any of the above