[MCQ] HIV / AIDS- Part 3

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HIV / AIDS- Part 3

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Congratulations - you have completed HIV / AIDS- Part 3. You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%. Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

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Question 1

Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent worldwide ?

A	A
B	B
C	C
D	D

Question 2

Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent in India ?

A	A
B	B
C	C
D	D

Question 2 Explanation:

Subtype C is prevalent in India. CRF01_AE accounts for most infections in south & southeast Asia.

Question 3

Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent in sub- Saharan Africa ?

A	A
B	B
C	C
D	D

Question 3 Explanation:

In sub-Saharan Africa, home to ~two-thirds of all individuals living with HIV/AIDS, >50% of infections are caused by subtype C.

Question 4

HIV is transmitted by all except ?

A	Sexual contact
B	Blood and blood products
C	Infected mothers to infants
D	Mosquito bite

Question 4 Explanation:

HIV is transmitted by both homosexual & heterosexual contact, by blood & blood products, and by infected mothers to infants or via breast milk. There is no evidence that HIV is transmitted by casual contact or by a mosquito bite.

Question 5

Worldwide, the most common mode of infection with HIV is ?

A	Homosexual transmission
B	Heterosexual transmission
C	Blood and blood products
D	Infected mothers to infants

Question 5 Explanation:

Worldwide, the most common mode of infection with HIV is heterosexual transmission.

Question 6

Which of the following about HIV transmission is false ?

A	Male-to-female HIV transmission is more efficient than female-to-male transmission
B	STDs with genital ulcerations strongly associated with HIV transmission
C	Nonulcerative inflammatory STDs associated with increased risk of HIV transmission
D	Receptive anal intercourse is a much less efficient mode of HIV transmission than oral sex

Question 6 Explanation:

Male-to-female HIV transmission is more efficient than female-to-male transmission due to prolonged exposure to infected seminal fluid of the vaginal, cervical mucosa and endometrium. Penis & urethral orifice are exposed relatively briefly to infected vaginal fluid. Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi & herpes simplex virus are causes of genital ulcerations linked to HIV transmission. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis produce nonulcerative inflammatory STDs and are associated with an increased risk of HIV transmission. Oral sex is a much less efficient mode of transmission of HIV than is receptive anal intercourse

Question 7

Sexual transmission of HIV is rare if the infected partner has a plasma level of HIV RNA less than ?

A	1700 copies per milliliter
B	2500 copies per milliliter
C	3500 copies per milliliter
D	4500 copies per milliliter

Question 7 Explanation:

Chief predictor of heterosexual transmission of HIV is the level of plasma viremia. Sexual transmission is rare when infected partner has a plasma level of <1700 copies of HIV RNA per milliliter. The rate of HIV transmission per coital act is highest during early stage of HIV infection when plasma HIV RNA levels are highest & in advanced disease as the viral set point increases.

Question 8

Which of the following is strongly associated with a higher risk of HIV infection ?

A	Lack of circumcision
B	Adolescent girls
C	Use of oral contraceptives
D	All of the above

Question 8 Explanation:

Male circumcision is associated with a lower risk of HIV infection among men. Use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased incidence of HIV infection due to drug-induced changes in cervical mucosa. Adolescent girls are more susceptible to infection due to an immature genital tract with increased cervical ectopy or exposed columnar epithelium.

Question 9

Parenteral transmission of HIV occurs by ?

A	Intravenous puncture
B	Subcuteneous puncture
C	Intramuscular puncture
D	All of the above

Question 9 Explanation:

Parenteral transmission of HIV can occur by IV puncture, subcuteneous puncture (“skin popping”) or intramuscular puncture (“muscling”).

Question 10

Transfusions of which of the following is capable of transmitting HIV infection ?

A	Packed red blood cells
B	Platelets
C	Leukocytes
D	All of the above

Question 10 Explanation:

Transfusions of whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, concentrates of clotting factors and plasma are all capable of transmitting HIV infection.

Question 11

Administration of which of the following is not associated with transmission of HIV infection ?

A	Hyperimmune  globulin
B	Hepatitis B immune globulin
C	Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine
D	All of the above

Question 11 Explanation:

Hyperimmune  globulin, hepatitis B immune globulin, plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine and Rho immune globulin have not been associated with transmission of HIV infection. The procedures involved in processing these products either inactivate or remove the virus.

Question 12

Transmission of HIV can occur due to all except ?

A	Semen used in artificial insemination
B	Tissues used in organ transplantation
C	Rho immune globulin administration
D	Breast milk

Question 12 Explanation:

Semen used in artificial insemination and tissues used in organ transplantation can transmit HIV.

Question 13

Risk of HIV transmission following skin puncture from a needle contaminated with HIV (+) blood is ?

A	~ 0.1 %
B	~ 0.2 %
C	~ 0.3 %
D	~ 0.4 %

Question 13 Explanation:

Risk of HIV transmission following skin puncture from a needle or a sharp object contaminated with blood from person with HIV infection is ~0.3%. Transmission of HIV through intact skin has not been documented. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection following percutaneous exposure is ~6 - 30% in nonimmune individuals and ~1.8% in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection

Question 14

Eclipse phase of HIV-1 infection generally lasts for ?

A	1 to 7 days
B	7 to 21 days
C	21 to 42 days
D	48 to 72 days

Question 14 Explanation:

Immediately after exposure & transmission, as HIV-1 is replicating in the mucosa, submucosa, and draining lymphoreticular ti

Question 15

Which of the following is a poor target for HIV-1 infection ?

A	CD4 T cells
B	Monocyte-derived macrophages
C	Langerhans’ cells
D	Submucosal dendritic cells

Question 15 Explanation:

CD4 T cells & Langerhans’ cells are the first targets of HIV-1 virus. Other dendritic cells play an important accessory role. Monocyte-derived macrophages are generally poor targets for infection as compared with CD4 T cells.

Question 16

Which of the following is considered potentially infectious ?

A	Feces
B	Urine
C	Saliva
D	None of the above

Question 16 Explanation:

Semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid and amniotic fluid are considered potentially infectious. Feces, nasal secretions, saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus are not considered potentially infectious.

Question 17

HIV infection can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during ?

A	Pregnancy
B	Delivery
C	Breast-feeding
D	All of the above

Question 17 Explanation:

HIV infection can be transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy, during delivery, or by breast-feeding.

Question 18

Maternal-fetal / infant transmission of HIV infection to fetus occurs most commonly in ?

A	First trimester
B	Second trimester
C	Third trimester
D	Perinatal period

Question 18 Explanation:

HIV can be transmitted to fetus as early as first and second trimester of pregnancy but maternal transmission to fetus occurs most commonly in the perinatal period.

Question 19

Without prophylactic antiretroviral therapy, what is the probability of HIV transmission from mother to infant/fetus in developing countries ?

A	10 - 25 %
B	25 - 35 %
C	35 - 55 %
D	55 - 75 %

Question 19 Explanation:

Without prophylactic antiretroviral therapy, probability of HIV transmission from mother to infant/ fetus in developing countries is 25 - 35 % and 15 - 25 % in industrialized countries.

Question 20

The best-documented factor that is associated with higher rates of maternal-fetal/infant transmission is ?

A	Presence of chorioamnionitis at delivery
B	STDs during pregnancy
C	High maternal levels of plasma viremia
D	Low maternal CD4+ T cell counts

Question 20 Explanation:

Higher rates of transmission is associated high maternal levels of plasma viremia

Question 21

Rate of mother-to-baby transmission is 0% in women with HIV RNA copies less than ?

A	< 1000 per milliliter of blood
B	< 10000 per milliliter of blood
C	< 100000 per milliliter of blood
D	< 1000000 per milliliter of blood

Question 21 Explanation:

Rate of mother-to-baby transmission was 0% among women with <1000 copies/mL of blood of HIV RNA, 16.6% with 1000 - 10,000 copies/mL, 21.3% with 10,001 - 50,000 copies/mL, 30.9% with 50,001 - 100,000 copies/mL, and 40.6% with >100,000 copies/mL.

Question 22

Increased mother-to-child HIV transmission is correlated with ?

A	Low maternal CD4+ T cell counts
B	Closer HLA match between mother and child
C	Prolonged interval between membrane rupture & delivery
D	All of the above

Question 23

Recommendation to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV is ?

A	Zidovudine treatment from II trimester onwards
B	Cesarean section delivery
C	Avoidance of breast-feeding
D	All of the above

Question 23 Explanation:

Zidovudine treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women from the beginning of second trimester through delivery and of infant for 6 weeks following birth decreases rate of intrapartum and perinatal transmission of HIV. Obstetric management that minimizes exposure of infant to maternal blood & genital secretions and avoidance of breast-feeding also reduce transmission.

Question 24

Which of the following ARV is used to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV ?

A	Zidovudine
B	Lamivudine
C	Nevirapine
D	All of the above

Question 24 Explanation:

HIV (+) pregnant women seen by health care provider for the first time at or near the time of delivery can be given zidovudine with lamivudine. Nevirapine can be given as a single dose to mother at the onset of labor and a single dose to infant within 72 hours of birth.

Question 25

Risk factor that increases the likelihood of transmission of HIV via breast-feeding is ?

A	Detectable levels of HIV in breast milk
B	Presence of mastitis
C	Maternal vitamin A deficiency
D	All of the above

Question 25 Explanation:

Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV via breast-feeding include detectable levels of HIV in breast milk, presence of mastitis, low maternal CD4+ T cell counts & maternal vitamin A deficiency

Question 26

Soluble salivary factor that inhibits HIV is ?

A	Secretory lymphocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)
B	Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)
C	Secretory lymphokine protease inhibitor (SLPI)
D	Secretory leucokine protease inhibitor (SLPI)

Question 26 Explanation:

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) blocks HIV infection. Submandibular saliva reduces HIV infectivity by stripping gp120 from surface of virions. Disruption & lysis of HIV-infected cells occurs due to hypotonicity of oral secretions.

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See all quizzes of HIV / AIDS- Part 3 here:

1 Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent worldwide ?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

2 Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent in India ?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
3 Which subtype of M group of HIV-1 is most prevalent in sub-
Saharan Africa ?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

4 HIV is transmitted by all except ?
A. Sexual contact
B. Blood and blood products
C. Infected mothers to infants
D. Mosquito bite

5 Worldwide, the most common mode of infection with HIV is ?
A. Homosexual transmission
B. Heterosexual transmission
C. Blood and blood products
D. Infected mothers to infants

6 Which of the following about HIV transmission is false ?
A. Male-to-female HIV transmission is more efficient than
female-to-male transmission
B. STDs with genital ulcerations strongly associated with HIV
transmission
C. Nonulcerative inflammatory STDs associated with increased
risk of HIV transmission
D. Receptive anal intercourse is a much less efficient mode of
HIV transmission than oral sex

7 Sexual transmission of HIV is rare if the infected partner has a
plasma level of HIV RNA less than ?
A. 1700 copies per milliliter
B. 2500 copies per milliliter
C. 3500 copies per milliliter
D. 4500 copies per milliliter

8 Which of the following is strongly associated with a higher risk of
HIV infection ?
A. Lack of circumcision
B. Adolescent girls
C. Use of oral contraceptives
D. All of the above

9 Parenteral transmission of HIV occurs by ?
A. Intravenous puncture
B. Subcuteneous puncture
C. Intramuscular puncture
D. All of the above

10 Transfusions of which of the following is capable of transmitting
HIV infection ?
A. Packed red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Leukocytes
D. All of the above

11 Administration of which of the following is not associated with
transmission of HIV infection ?
A. Hyperimmune  globulin
B. Hepatitis B immune globulin
C. Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine
D. All of the above

12 Transmission of HIV can occur due to all except ?
A. Semen used in artificial insemination
B. Tissues used in organ transplantation
C. Rho immune globulin administration
D. Breast milk

13 Risk of HIV transmission following skin puncture from a needle
contaminated with HIV (+) blood is ?
A. ~ 0.1 %
B. ~ 0.2 %
C. ~ 0.3 %
D. ~ 0.4 %

14 Eclipse phase of HIV-1 infection generally lasts for ?
A. 1 to 7 days
B. 7 to 21 days
C. 21 to 42 days
D. 48 to 72 days

15 Which of the following is a poor target for HIV-1 infection ?
A. CD4 T cells
B. Monocyte-derived macrophages
C. Langerhans’ cells
D. Submucosal dendritic cells

16 Which of the following is considered potentially infectious ?
A. Feces
B. Urine
C. Saliva
D. None of the above
Semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, peritoneal fluid,
pericardial fluid and amniotic fluid are considered potentially infectious. Feces, nasal secretions,
saliva, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus are not considered potentially infectious.
17 HIV infection can be transmitted from an infected mother to her
fetus during ?5
A. Pregnancy
B. Delivery
C. Breast-feeding
D. All of the above

18 Maternal-fetal / infant transmission of HIV infection to fetus occurs
most commonly in ?
A. First trimester
B. Second trimester
C. Third trimester
D. Perinatal period

19 Without prophylactic antiretroviral therapy, what is the probability
of HIV transmission from mother to infant/fetus in developing
countries ?
A. 10 – 25 %
B. 25 – 35 %
C. 35 – 55 %
D. 55 – 75 %

20 The best-documented factor that is associated with higher rates
of maternal-fetal/infant transmission is ?
A. Presence of chorioamnionitis at delivery
B. STDs during pregnancy
C. High maternal levels of plasma viremia
D. Low maternal CD4+ T cell counts

21 Rate of mother-to-baby transmission is 0% in women with HIV
RNA copies less than ?
A. < 1000 per milliliter of blood

B. < 10000 per milliliter of blood
C. < 100000 per milliliter of blood
D. < 1000000 per milliliter of blood

22 Increased mother-to-child HIV transmission is correlated with ?
A. Low maternal CD4+ T cell counts
B. Closer HLA match between mother and child
C. Prolonged interval between membrane rupture & delivery
D. All of the above
23 Recommendation to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV is ?
A. Zidovudine treatment from II trimester onwards
B. Cesarean section delivery
C. Avoidance of breast-feeding
D. All of the above

24 Which of the following ARV is used to reduce perinatal
transmission of HIV ?
A. Zidovudine
B. Lamivudine
C. Nevirapine
D. All of the above

25 Risk factor that increases the likelihood of transmission of HIV
via breast-feeding is ?
A. Detectable levels of HIV in breast milk
B. Presence of mastitis
C. Maternal vitamin A deficiency
D. All of the above

26 Soluble salivary factor that inhibits HIV is ?
A. Secretory lymphocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)
B. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)
C. Secretory lymphokine protease inhibitor (SLPI)
D. Secretory leucokine protease inhibitor (SLPI)

HIV / AIDS

[MCQ] HIV / AIDS- Part 3

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HIV / AIDS- Part 3

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