[MCQ] Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 4

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Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 4

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Question 1

The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone is ?

A	Prolactin
B	TSH
C	GH
D	ACTH

Question 1 Explanation:

Of the six anterior pituitary hormones, GH is the most secreted hormone from the GH-secreting somatotrope cells and mammosomatotrope cells, which coexpress PRL with GH.

Question 2

Development & proliferation of somatotrophs is determined by which gene ?

A	Prophet of Pit-1 (PROP1)
B	Prophet of Pit-2 (PROP2)
C	Prophet of Pit-3 (PROP3)
D	Prophet of Pit-4 (PROP4)

Question 2 Explanation:

Cell-specific Pit-1 nuclear transcription factor is responsible for development of somatotropes & subsequent transcription of GH. Mutations in transcription factors Pit-1 & Prop-1, which control somatotrope development, cause GH deficiency in combination with other pituitary hormone deficiencies.

Question 3

Gene that encode GH is located on which chromosome ?

A	9
B	12
C	17
D	21

Question 4

The name for pituitary GH gene is ?

A	hGH-V
B	hGH-N
C	hGH-P
D	hGH-Z

Question 4 Explanation:

GH & related proteins are produced by five genes on chromosome 17. The pituitary GH gene (hGHN) produces two kinds of GH (22-kDa & 20-kDa), both with similar biologic activity. GH variant gene (hGH-V) is expressed by placental syncytiotrophoblast.

Question 5

Somatotropin-release inhibiting factor (SRIF) is synthesized in which area of hypothalamus ?

A	Medial preoptic
B	Ventromedial nuclei
C	Central
D	All of the above

Question 5 Explanation:

Somatostatin [somatotropin-release inhibiting factor (SRIF)] is synthesized in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus & inhibits GH secretion.

Question 6

Somatotropin-release inhibiting factor (SRIF) or somatostatin is expressed by which of the following ?

A	CNS
B	Gastrointestinal tract
C	Pancreas
D	All of the above

Question 6 Explanation:

GHRH is secreted as discrete spikes that elicit GH pulses, whereas SRIF sets basal GH tone. SRIF is also expressed in CNS, gastrointestinal tract & pancreas, where it also acts to inhibit islet hormone secretion. IGFI, the peripheral target hormone for GH, feeds back to inhibit GH. Estrogen induces GH whereas glucocorticoid excess suppresses GH release

Question 7

Elevated GH levels occur in all of the following except ?

A	Obesity
B	Exercise
C	Deep sleep
D	Sepsis

Question 7 Explanation:

GH secretion is pulsatile, with greatest levels at night correlating with onset of sleep. By middle age, GH secretory rates is ~15% than that during puberty. GH secretion is reduced in obese individuals. Elevated GH levels occur within an hour of deep sleep onset as well as after exercise, physical stress, trauma & during sepsis.

Question 8

GH secretion is induced by all except ?

A	Dopamine
B	Apomorphine
C	-adrenergic blockage
D	Somatostatin

Question 8 Explanation:

GH secretion is induced by dopamine & apomorphine, as well as by -adrenergic pathways. - Adrenergic blockage induces basal GH and enhances GHRH- and insulin-evoked GH release.

Question 9

Which somatostatin receptor subtype preferentially suppresses GH secretion ?

A	SSTR1
B	SSTR2
C	SSTR3
D	SSTR4

Question 9 Explanation:

Somatostatin binds to five distinct receptor subtypes (SSTR1 to SSTR5). SSTR2 & SSTR5 subtypes preferentially suppress GH (& TSH) secretion. Somatostatin analogues exert their therapeutic effects through SSTR2 & SSTR5 receptors, both of which are expressed by GH-secreting tumors

Question 10

Ghrelin is synthesized mainly in ?

A	Gastrointestinal tract
B	Peripheral nervous system
C	Lungs
D	All of the above

Question 10 Explanation:

Ghrelin, or octonoylated gastric-derived peptide, as well as synthetic agonists of the GHRP receptor stimulate GHRH & also directly stimulate GH release.

Question 11

IGF-I acts on ?

A	Chondrocytes
B	Breast epithelium
C	Gonadal cells
D	All of the above

Question 12

Somatostatin is best described as ?

A	Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
B	Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
C	Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH)
D	Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)

Question 12 Explanation:

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somatostatin) is a single chain of 14 amino acids Inhibits secretion of growth hormone by somatotropes

Question 13

Somatomedin C is best described as ?

A	Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
B	Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH)
C	Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
D	None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following organs has the greatest number of GH receptors ?

A	Pancreas
B	Liver
C	Heart
D	Muscle

Question 14 Explanation:

Liver & cartilage contain the greatest number of GH receptors. GH binding induces receptor dimerization, followed by signaling through JAK/STAT pathway. Activated STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus, where they modulate expression of GH-regulated target genes.

Question 15

Which of the following is an action of GH ?

A	Induces protein synthesis
B	Promotes nitrogen retention
C	Impairs glucose tolerance by antagonizing insulin action
D	All of the above

Question 16

Which of the following is an action of GH ?

A	Stimulates lipolysis
B	Promotes sodium, potassium, and water retention
C	Stimulates epiphyseal prechondrocyte differentiation
D	All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is an action of IGF-I ?

A	Induces hypoglycemia
B	Enhances nitrogen retention
C	Lowers cholesterol level
D	All of the above

Question 17 Explanation:

GH impairs glucose tolerance by antagonizing insulin action. While, injected IGF-I induces hypoglycemia, and lower doses improve insulin sensitivity in patients with severe insulin resistance and diabetes.

Question 18

The major source of circulating IGF-I is from ?

A	Pancreas
B	Liver
C	Heart
D	Muscle

Question 18 Explanation:

Major source of circulating IGF-I is liver. IGF-I is a potent growth & differentiation factor. Peripheral tissue IGF-I exerts local paracrine actions that appear to be both dependent & independent of GH.

Question 19

Which fraction of circulating IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) is a major carrier for circulating IGF-I ?

A	IGFBP1
B	IGFBP2
C	IGFBP3
D	All of the above

Question 19 Explanation:

Both IGF-I and -II are bound to high-affinity circulating IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that regulate IGF bioactivity. Levels of IGFBP3 are GH-dependent, and it serves as the major carrier protein for circulating IGF-I. IGFBP1 & -2 regulate local tissue IGF action but do not bind circulating IGF-I.

Question 20

Which of the following about serum IGF-I concentration is false ?

A	Levels peak at 16 years of age
B	Higher in males than in females
C	Levels low in sepsis
D	Levels high in acromegaly

Question 20 Explanation:

Serum IGF-I levels increase during puberty, peak at 16 years & then decline. IGF-I concentrations are higher in females than in males. GH is the major determinant of hepatic IGF-I synthesis. IGF-I levels are low with cachexia, malnutrition & sepsis (hypocaloric states are associated with GH resistance). Though GH levels are increased in sepsis, IGF-I levels decrease due to GH resistance. In acromegaly, IGF-I levels are invariably high.

Question 21

Hormones promoting growth include all except ?

A	GH
B	IGF-I
C	IGF-II
D	Cytokines

Question 21 Explanation:

Skeletal maturation & somatic growth is promoted by hormonal stimuli like GH, IGF-I, sex steroids, thyroid hormones, paracrine growth factors & cytokines

Question 22

In later childhood, mean growth velocity is about ?

A	2 cm/year
B	4 cm/year
C	6 cm/year
D	8 cm/year

Question 22 Explanation:

Linear bone growth rates are very high in infancy & are pituitary dependent. Mean growth velocity is ~6 cm/year in later childhood. Peak growth rates occur during midpuberty when bone age is 12 (girls) or 13 (boys). Secondary sexual development is associated with elevated sex steroids that cause progressive epiphyseal growth plate closure.

Question 23

The growth-promoting process consumes what proportion of normal energy production ?

A	~ 10 %
B	~ 20 %
C	~ 30 %
D	~ 40 %

Question 23 Explanation:

Growth-promoting process requires caloric energy, amino acids, vitamins & trace metals & consumes ~10% of normal energy production. Malnutrition impairs chondrocyte activity & reduces circulating IGF-I & IGFBP3 levels.

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See all quizzes of Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus at here:

Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 1| Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 2| Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 3| Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 4|Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 5 |Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 6| Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 7

1.The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone is ?
A. Prolactin
B. TSH
C. GH
D. ACTH

2. Development & proliferation of somatotrophs is determined by
which gene ?
A. Prophet of Pit-1 (PROP1)
B. Prophet of Pit-2 (PROP2)
C. Prophet of Pit-3 (PROP3)

D. Prophet of Pit-4 (PROP4)

3 Gene that encode GH is located on which chromosome ?
A. 9
B. 12
C. 17
D. 21
4 The name for pituitary GH gene is ?
A. hGH-V
B. hGH-N
C. hGH-P
D. hGH-Z

5 Somatotropin-release inhibiting factor (SRIF) is synthesized in
which area of hypothalamus ?
A. Medial preoptic
B. Ventromedial nuclei
C. Central
D. All of the above

6 Somatotropin-release inhibiting factor (SRIF) or somatostatin is
expressed by which of the following ?
A. CNS
B. Gastrointestinal tract
C. Pancreas
D. All of the above

7 Elevated GH levels occur in all of the following except ?
A. Obesity
B. Exercise
C. Deep sleep
D. Sepsis

8 GH secretion is induced by all except ?
A. Dopamine

B. Apomorphine
C. -adrenergic blockage
D. Somatostatin

9 Which somatostatin receptor subtype preferentially suppresses
GH secretion ?
A. SSTR1
B. SSTR2
C. SSTR3
D. SSTR4

10 Ghrelin is synthesized mainly in ?
A. Gastrointestinal tract
B. Peripheral nervous system
C. Lungs
D. All of the above

11 IGF-I acts on ?
A. Chondrocytes
B. Breast epithelium
C. Gonadal cells
D. All of the above
12 Somatostatin is best described as ?
A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
B. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
C. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH)
D. Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)

13 Somatomedin C is best described as ?
A. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
B. Growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH)
C. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
D. None of the above

14 Which of the following organs has the greatest number of GH
receptors ?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver

C. Heart
D. Muscle

15 Which of the following is an action of GH ?
A. Induces protein synthesis
B. Promotes nitrogen retention
C. Impairs glucose tolerance by antagonizing insulin action
D. All of the above
16 Which of the following is an action of GH ?
A. Stimulates lipolysis
B. Promotes sodium, potassium, and water retention
C. Stimulates epiphyseal prechondrocyte differentiation
D. All of the above
17 Which of the following is an action of IGF-I ?
A. Induces hypoglycemia
B. Enhances nitrogen retention
C. Lowers cholesterol level
D. All of the above

18 The major source of circulating IGF-I is from ?
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Heart
D. Muscle

19 Which fraction of circulating IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) is a
major carrier for circulating IGF-I ?
A. IGFBP1
B. IGFBP2
C. IGFBP3
D. All of the above

20 Which of the following about serum IGF-I concentration is false ?
A. Levels peak at 16 years of age
B. Higher in males than in females
C. Levels low in sepsis
D. Levels high in acromegaly

[MCQ] Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 4

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Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus- Part 4

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